Overview:
Esophageal cancer occurs when malignant cells form in the lining of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. The two main types are squamous cell carcinoma, which develops in the upper and middle esophagus, and adenocarcinoma, which forms near the stomach. While less common than other major cancers, esophageal cancer is often diagnosed in later stages and can affect swallowing, digestion, and overall health.
Symptoms:
Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, hoarseness, persistent cough, and unintended weight loss.
Treatments/Procedures:
Treatment depends on the cancer stage. Common options include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy.
If the cancer has not spread, surgery (esophagectomy) is the primary treatment, often combined with chemotherapy and radiation. Minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic and thoracoscopic procedures, offer benefits like reduced pain and faster recovery.
For advanced cases or patients unable to undergo surgery, chemotherapy and radiation are the main treatments. Palliative procedures help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Surgery
- Esophagectomy (minimally invasive or open)
- Transhiatal & Transthoracic esophagectomy (Ivor Lewis procedure)
- Robotic-assisted esophagectomy
- Endoscopic mucosal or submucosal resection
- Lymph node dissection
Non-Surgical Treatments
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Immunotherapy
- Targeted therapy
Palliative & Supportive Procedures
- Esophageal stent placement (to aid swallowing)
- Feeding tube placement (gastric or jejunal)
- Palliative radiation or chemotherapy